… via G protein–coupled receptors that lead to increased [Ca 2+ ] … for the reduction of airway
neutrophilia observed in patients … a novel inhaled phosphodiesterase type-4 inhibitor in COPD. …

… Currently, the selective PDE4 inhibitor, roflumilast, is used as … In addition, other novel PDE
inhibitors are in different phases … characterized by airway obstruction, the airway obstruction in …

… However, 30 years later, roflumilast is the only PDE inhibitor to … depends on the balance
between Ca 2+ ions and cAMP, and … as a dual PDE3/4 inhibitor that is in clinical trials for airway …

… pathophysiological conditions like airway inflammatory diseases… in different pathological
conditions has attracted clinical … of various diseases, for example, PDE4B inhibitor (Roflumilast …

… In addition, PDE5 inhibitors induce airway relaxation and … of PDE4 inhibitors rolipram and
roflumilast attenuated a capillary … obtained from the use of dual PDE inhibitors. For instance, …

… co-factors (Ca 2+ , cGMP, Zn 2+ and Mg 2+ ), specificity for synthetic PDE inhibitors and
occasionally their specificity for substrates (cAMP or cGMP) [38,39]. Each PDE family is encoded …

… have been investigated in respiratory conditions. However, … administration to the lungs
may reduce systemic effects [56]. … compared with roflumilast, a pan-PDE4 inhibitor (0.3 versus …

… disease (COPD), roflumilast, a selective PDE4 inhibitor, improves lung function due to its
bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory action [… analyzed by double immunofluorescence using a …

… PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast and its active metabolite roflumilast … that roflumilast is able to
specifically reduce airway resistance … (IP3R), a reduction of Ca2+ sensitivity, and the deactivation …

… of airway obstruction, chronic inflammation and airway … There are several dual-specific PDE
isoforms that are important … family inhibitor cilostazol and the PDE4 family inhibitor roflumilast…